When a ray of light is incident at normal incidence, (at right angles), to the surface between two optical materials, the ray travels in a straight line. When the ray is incident at any other angle, ...

Schematic of a grazing incidence small and wide angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS/GIWAXS) experimental setup showing the incident (αi) and the scattered angles along the horizontal (2θf) and vertical (αf ...

Researchers in Spain reviewed six models used to calculate incidence angle modifier (IAM) losses in photovoltaic systems. They identified the Martín-Ruiz model as the most comprehensive, as it ...

Ever wonder how a mirror works? If you want to find the path that light takes when reflecting off a surface, you could use Fermat's Principle. This states something like this: The path that light ...