The authors used a Bayesian modeling framework to fit behavior and serotonin neuron activity to reward history across multiple timescales. A key goal was to distinguish value coding from other ...

How ANOVA helps ensure process data lead to accurate, defensible decisions. The two-sample t-test determines if two population means are equal. Typical applications involve testing whether a new ...

For the better part of a decade, enterprises have been racing to build bigger models and gather more data, believing scale alone would unlock artificial intelligence at full capacity. Yet despite ...

A research group from the University of Osaka, Zen University, and the University of Tokyo has mathematically uncovered the mechanism that causes crack tips to sharpen during the rapid fracture of ...

In an era driven by complex data, scientists are increasingly encountering information that doesn't lie neatly on flat, ...

Carol M. Kopp edits features on a wide range of subjects for Investopedia, including investing, personal finance, retirement planning, taxes, business management, and career development. Michael Boyle ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

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The 2025 UMass football experience had been an unkind and futile one. The year brought immense hope to a fanbase in desperate need of it, considering UMass hadn’t seen a season better than 4-8 since ...

Human development is influenced by, but not entirely determined by, our parents and our genes. Children may have very different personalities, and different strengths and weaknesses, than the ...

Measuring—and delivering—what consumers really want by Eric Almquist, John Senior and Nicolas Bloch When customers evaluate a product or service, they weigh its perceived value against the asking ...