Abstract: This paper surveys the history of the electric-circuit representation of the transistor over the past fifty years. During the first two decades after the transistor was announced in 1948, ...

This chapter explains how we use transistors, how we bias them, so they generate working and useful circuits, and how we stabilize them as the temperature, currents, and applications vary. There are ...

Among semiconductors, the muting transistor and its audio application is perhaps the most obscure and poorly understood of all. There is extremely little information on this subject available on the ...

Solid-state device technologies, which are available to the amplifier designer, fall, broadly, into three categories: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and junction diodes; junction field effect ...

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A very simple but highly efficient combination lock circuit is shown in the figure. Any type of on/off switches can be used, varying from commercially available inexpensive types to more sophisticated ...

Engineers propose a built-in security measure that would better protect computer chip hardware from hackers. A hacker can reproduce a circuit on a chip by discovering what key transistors are doing in ...