Instantaneous speed is a crucial concept in physics, helping us understand how fast an object is moving at a specific point in time. Unlike average speed, which considers the total distance traveled ...

Abstract: In this paper, we develop the link between Granger causality graphs and directed information theory. In the bivariate case we show that directed information splits into two terms, transfer ...

An international team of scientists, which included researchers from Nanjing Tech University, used a simple but powerful technique called luminescence spectroscopy to measure the velocities of tiny ...