Artificial neural networks, deep-learning methods and the backpropagation algorithm 1 form the foundation of modern machine learning and artificial intelligence. These methods are almost always used ...

This paper proposed the additional fractional gradient descent identification algorithm based on the multi-innovation principle for autoregressive exogenous models. This algorithm incorporates an ...

The method used to train a large language model (LLM). An AI model's neural network learns by recognizing patterns in the data and constantly adjusting its neurons to predict what comes next. With ...